Bju American History Chapter 9 Section Review 2

Notes: Give Me Liberty! An American History: Chapter 9

Eric Foner: Book Outline Notes for Give Me Freedom! An American History Second Edition

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• Notes: Chapter 1
  
• Notes: Chapter 2
  
• Notes: Chapter 3
  
• Notes: Chapter 4
  
• Notes: Affiliate vii
  
• Notes: Chapter 8
  
• Notes: Chapter 9
  
• Notes: Chapter 10
  
• Notes: Chapter 11
  
• Notes: Chapter 12
  
• Notes: Chapter 13
  
• Notes: Affiliate 14
  

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Answer the Focus Questions and Review Questions and type your answers in the "Comment" Section below. I will post the best answers on here and credit you! Good luck!

Chapter 9: The Market place Revolution (1800-1840)

Focus Questions

1. What were the min features of the new economic system taking shape in the early on 19th century?
2. What were the furnishings of the marketplace revolution in early 19th century-America?
3. How did economical and social change recast American freedom in this period?
4. How did the marketplace revolution touch the lives of women and African-Americans?

The Market place Revolution

1. The Market Revolution

1. Intro

1. 1824 - Marquis de Lafayette visited the United states and fought on the US's sideThe U.s. had grown immensely since 1784
2. Freedom came standard in the US, freedom was he greatest here

1. The idea of freedom was constantly changing though

Lafayette was non fond of slavery at ALL though, actually disliked slavery A New Economy

1. Complete technological innovations in transportation and communication
2. Transporting goods faced incredible barriers (autonomously from flatboats floating downstream on major rivers)
3. American farm families produced what they needed, and colonists were likewise drawn into Uk's commercial Empire
4. Abraham Lincoln grew up in a pre-marker globe

1. Grew up in Kentucky, family was self-sufficient. However, as an adult, Abraham embraced the market place revolution

Roads and Steamboats

1. 1st half of the 19th century

1. Steamboat, Canal, Railroad, and telegraph all were invented: They all:

1. Lowered transportation costs, opened new country to settlement, and made it easier to market goods
2. Robert Fulton experimented with steamboat designs (Clermont in 1807 was the offset existent awesome one)

The Erie Canal

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1. Allowed goods to catamenia btwn the Nifty Lakes and New York City
2. This Canal Actually made NY an excellent place for commerce: it substantially turned it into a commerce crazy place...merchandise was awesome here
3. Other states tried to match NY's success: over 3,000 miles of canals were built by 1837.

Railroads and the Telegraph

1. Railroads opened upwards the AM interior to settlement
2. Past 1860, the railroad network had grown to 30,000 miles
3. Telegraph was important too (past Samuel F. B. Morse): Originally for newspapers and businesses, not for individuals.

The Rise of the Due west

1. With new technology, the West became a powerful region.
2. Few people traveled to the W as lone pioneers; many went with groups and cooperated with each other to develop small communities
3. Some westerners became "squatters"
4. The West became a home for many different cultures of people
5. The nation's borders expanded as ppl went west
6. Population boom was incredible!

The Cotton Kingdom

1. The Early Industrial Revolution that started in England spread to N AM, centered on factories producing cotton textiles with water-powered spinning and weaving machinery
2. Eli Whitney - Invented the Cotton Gin: It revolutionized AM slavery

1. Huge reason why AF slave trade was opened upward btwn 1803 and 1808

With AM sovereignty came the expansion of slavery The Unfree Westward Movement

1. Historians estimate that around 1 1000000 slaves from older slave states were shifted to the Deep South btwn 1800 and 1860
2. Slave trade became a well-organized business
3. Slave coffles = groups chained to i some other on forced marches to the Deep South: mutual sight
4. Although grain was more desired by Europeans, cotton was much more assisting

Marketplace Gild

1. Intro

1. Cotton was generally sold nationally and internationally, and the South was commercially oriented. However, 80% of southerners worked the lands

Commercial Farmers

1. In the Due north, the region was transformed into an integrated economy of commercial farms and manufacturing cities
2. Steel Plow and the reaper (harvests wheat) inventions led to expanded product

The Growth of Cities

1. Cincinnati and St. Louis = extraordinary growth. Cin = "porkopolis" for slaughtering tons of pigs
2. Urban areas (likewise equally rural areas), had change: number of highly populated cities grew more than 10 fold
3. Work began to modify; instead of one very skilled craftsman, you'd accept five craftsman doing dissimilar parts of product

Factory System

1. The manufactory super-ceded all traditional craft production altogether
2. First mill was a re-created design from a BR factory (spinning factories: produced by Slater)
3. The development of factories really started to happen later on the Embargo Human activity of 1807
4. Steam ability developed by the 1840s...
5. Overall, the Due south lacked in factory production

The Industrial Worker

1. Farm life continued to go with the seasons, but industrial workers worked off the clock (all day every day)
2. Pay increasingly became n hourly or daily charge per unit, or "wage", based on "clock time"

The "Mill Girls"

1. Some factories employed unabridged families, simply the early on New England cloth mills relied largely on female and child labor
2. Most but worked a few years until they got married or moved W

The Growth of Immigration

1. Majority of immigration from Republic of ireland and Germany: ninety% headed to Northern states where job opportunities were most abundant
2. What afflicted this

1. Modernization of agronomics and industrialization in Europe disrupted century-old patterns of life
2. Introduction of the ocean-going steamship and railroad made long-distance travel more than practical

Irish and German Newcomers

1. Largest number of immigrants were refugees from disaster - Irish gaelic men and women fleeing the Great Famine 1845-1851 (potato ingather fail
2. Irish gaelic didn't mind working long days b/c they had freedom when it was one
3. Second largest group = Germans; Lot more skilled craftsman than the Irish

1. Settled generally in tightly knit cities, had it'southward own culture, etc..

The Rise of Nativism

1. Immigrants were also from England (hands accustomed into AM community)
2. The Irish gaelic were heavily discriminated confronting. ("anti-popery ran deep")
3. Thought of the US equally a refuge for those seeking economical opportunity or escape from oppression has always coexisted with suspicion of and hostility to foreign newcomers.
4. Large amt of Irish gaelic immigrants alarmed the Native-born Americans
5. Nativists = Those who feared the impact of immigration on American political and social life

1. They said that the Irish gaelic were bad ppl b/c they undercut skilled laborers for starvation wages, and that they were just a threat to liberty
2. Nativism would not become a national political movement until the 1850s

The Transformation of Police force

1. The corporate form of business organization became central to the new market place economic system. Basically, corporations started entering the mix to proceed the owners from suffering incredible losses if the business tanked
2. Many Americans distrusted corporate charters though
3. Sup Ct Instance = Dartmouth College vs Woodward (1819) - John Marshall's Supreme Court defined corporate charters issued by state legislatures every bit contracts, which future lawmakers could not alter or rescind. Then the
4. Gibbons vs Ogden case happened = Steamboat monopoly struck downwards
5. Commonwealth vs. Chase = said that workers can organize a strike or a marriage

The Free Individual

1. Intro

1. By the 1830s, European visitors were very amazed at the market revoltution

1. Information technology was energetic, materialistic, and seemingly in abiding movement

People were e'er buying and selling country/property The West and Freedom

1. Westward expansion was for a long time linked with American freedom "the Manifest Destiny", meaning that the US had a divinely appointed mission to occupy all of N AM
2. Idea that liberty and expansion was an American obligation

The Transcendentalists

1. Individuals seeking economic advancement and personal development
2. Emerson was an imp man who said that freedom was an open-ended procedure of self-realization by which individuals could remake themselves and their own lives. Information technology was the "American thought"

1. Emerson virtually imp member of transcendentalists

Individualism

1. The idea that Americans should depend on no one but themselves
2. Information technology helped inspire the expansion of republic: Buying of one's self rather than ownership of property made a person capable of voting
3. Thoreau: guy who loved nature, agreed with Emerson, that is all.

Voices of Freedom

1. Ralph Waldo Emerson "The American Scholar"

1. 'the scholar should be complimentary and brave', individuals are the more important affair to a person, and that merely people tin aid themselves

Orestes Brownson'due south "The Laboring Class"

1. 'said that ppl work much more and much harder than what they deserve to become paid for
2. The 'social arrangements' are the evil that needs to be 'cured'. The present system of trade needs to be changed'

The 2d Great Awakening

1. Pop religious revivals that swept over the country
2. Long revival meetings in NY by Charles Finney
3. Finney warned of hell in vivid language while offering salvation to converts
4. The Second Corking Enkindling democratized American Christianity, making it a truly mass enterprise: Preachers grew from 2,000 to 45,000 in 60 yrs~
5. Methodism was the largest denomination
6. Herman Melville's phrase "to gospelize the world anew."

The Enkindling's impact

1. Information technology stressed the correct of private judgement in spiritual matters and the possibility of salvation through organized religion and good works
2. Described ppl every bit a "moral complimentary agent": immune to cull btwn Christian life and sin
3. The preachers were very against strong individualistic behavior b/c information technology signified selfishness, or in other words, sin.
4. Preachers stressed the importance of industry, sobriety, and self-subject area equally qualities necessary for success in a marketplace culture.

The Limits of Prosperity

1. Liberty and Prosperity

1. The right to compete for economical advancement became a touchstone of American freedom
2. Many ppl chose to enrich themselves through AM liberty: John Jacob Astor was one. He died the richest man in America, leaving behind the nation's most famous hotel

1. He, along with others, proved that their own intelligence and hard piece of work could make them a fortune

Race and Opportunity Most blacks were slaves for the market revolution; experienced downward mobility Barred from schools and other public facilities Children of slaves usually had to work earlier being freed, and when they were free, they only had remedial/crap jobs The Cult of Domesticity

1. Women: some worked at factories, even though her "place" was at home.
2. The idea of "republican motherhood": allowed women a kind of public role as mothers of time to come citizens,somewhen evolved into the "cult of domesticity"

1. "Virtue" for women meant servitude to men and sexual innocence
2. The "Cult of D" causeless that men were rational, aggressive, and domineering, while women were nurturing, selfless, ruled by the emotions, and thus less fitted for public life

Women and Work

1. Women had severe disadvantages,; they could non compete freely for employment, since low paying jobs were available to them
2. Some went to factories, domestic servants, and seamstresses
3. Domestic Servants was the largest category for women in the 19th century AM
4. The freedom of eye-form women rested on the employment of other women w/in the household

The Early Labor movement

1. Many ppl felt threatened by the consequences of the marketplace revolution
2. Many Am'south viewed the market revolution as a loss of freedom b/c employment was irregular and numerous businesses failed, with a slight low in 1837.
3. The social wealth gap widened profoundly btwn wealthy merchants and unskilled workers
4. The Early Labor movement chosen for free homesteads for settlers on public land and an end to the imprisonment of marriage leaders for conspiracy

The "Liberty of Living"

1. Labor Spokesmen spoke of wage labor every bit "the very essence of slavery" since it essentially took away a person's liberty (fourth dimension, low wage, etc..)
2. Labor classes were at state of war..."we are complimentary...just not free enough"
3. Equally the 19th and twenty centuries came along, Economic Security (a standards of life below which no person would fall) formed an essential part of AM liberty
4. Thus, the market revolution had good and bad things; it encouraged individualism among white men, but severely limited the options for women and AF-AM'south

Review Questions

1. What were the major social effects of the market place revolution?
2. How did ideas of American freedom change in this period?
3. What revolutionary changed did AM slavery undergo in this period?
4. What role did immigration play in the market revolution?
5. The 2nd Great Awakening both took advantage of the market revolution and criticizes excesses. Explicate this statement.

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